Basketball and its rules
Basketball was invented in search of an indoor game, which would provide full fitness.
Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian physical instructor, wrote the ground rules for the
game after many ideas were initially rejected, at a YMCA training school. This game
was first officially played on January 20, 1892, at the YMCA Gymnasium, Springfield
College. Women started playing basketball in 1892, at Smith College, and different
sets of rules were established for them.
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It is a team sport where two teams, consisting of nine members each, throw a ball into
an opponent's ten-foot-high basket in order to get a score. While a member of the
team is aiming for the basket, a member of the other team prevents it. The team with
the highest score wins the game. The ball is dribbled and carried forward. In
competitive basketball variants, there are many regulations, and ball handling is
restricted. Less regulated versions have been developed for recreational purposes and
in some countries, this game is considered a spectator sport.
Initially, a soccer ball was used in basketball, after which a maroon-colored ball was
introduced. But to increase the visibility of the ball for players and spectators, the
color was changed to orange, in the 1950s by Tony Hinkle. Initially, dribbling was not
part of the game. It was included in the game in the 1950s.
Different versions have different rules and time limits. According to the NBA, some of
the rules have been discussed here. The basketball court must measure 94 X 50 feet.
There should be baskets at opposite ends of the court. The ground is either wooden or
cement. The ten foot high basket is made of a steel rim with an attached net. A score,
also called a shot, counts as two points or three points when aimed from a distance of
7.24 meters. The game is divided into four quarters each with a time limit of twelve
minutes.
A fifteen minute break is allowed after the first two quarters and between each
quarter there is a two minute break. In the third quarter, the two teams exchange
their baskets. At a time, five members of each team are present on the field. It is
permitted to have up to seven substitutes. Besides the coach, assistant coaches,
statisticians, managers, coaches, and doctors assist a team. Other equipments, other
than the ball, required during the game are the scoreboard, score sheets, clocks,
stopwatches, whistles and alternating possession arrows.
Both the male player and the female player must wear shorts and a jersey with a clear
number printed on the front and back. High-top sneakers can be worn to provide
additional ankle support. Sometimes the coach may request clock stops between
games if he wants to discuss something important with his team members. Usually,
three referees monitor the match. Other things like timing, individual or team fouls,
scoring, team possession arrow, shot clock, and player substitutions are taken care of
by table officials.
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Over time, various positions have been developed in basketball. At the start, there was
one guard, two attackers and two centers or two guards, two attackers and a center.
Later, playmaker, shooting guard, small forward, power forward and center positions
were added.
Actions that lead to violations are double dribbling, moving and carrying the ball, and
the shot clock. A foul is illegal physical contact with members of the opposing team,
which would cause them discomfort.
Other variations of professional basketball are wheelchair basketball for the
physically handicapped, water basketball to be played in a swimming pool, beach
basketball which has very little or no regulation, play on the half court which has only
one basket and the street ball and one-on-one which has two players and a smaller
court.
